CUClickers - Pedagogical Resources

Research suggests that attention wanes after 10 minutes of lecture. A clicker question provides a natural breaking point in a lecture, allowing students to consider, and try to apply, what they have just learned. This switch from passive to active learning helps keep students involved in the class. It also promotes student ownership of the material. As one professor puts it: "I demand that every student in my classroom have a voice. I just limit that voice to A, B, C, D, E."

Because discussion answers are recorded, students have more incentive to fully consider the question and discuss it with one another than the typical verbal question posed by an instructor.

There appears to be a cognitive benefit to students who commit to a particular answer choice with a definitive vote, rather than simply discussing the question. Once the student's vote is cast, they are more likely to be invested in the outcome of the question than if they had considered the question without voting.

Clickers allow faculty to hear from all students in the class through an electronic vote, not just the students in the front of the room who are more willing to share their thoughts. This allows an instructor to more appropriately target the lecture material to the students. Additionally, circulating the classroom while students discuss a question provides a valuable opportunity to eavesdrop on student conversation, providing a window on student thinking and allowing additional interaction with students.

The limits of understanding are revealed when it is applied. Thus, while students may nod their heads during lecture and feel that they understand, a clicker question can give an opportunity for students to take a shot at using that knowledge and get feedback on how they compare to the rest of the class.

People don't learn well by passively listening to a lecture. Thus, clickers provide an opportunity not just for students to figure out whether they understand something or not, but also to wrestle with the material in a more active way. Thus, clicker questions are a learning opportunity as well as an assessment opportunity.

Students feel more comfortable sharing their honest responses via the electronic clicker, where others can't see their answers. While the clicker responses aren't truly anonymous (unless the faculty has used the fully anonymous mode), they are anonymous where it counts – to their peers. Some studies have found that use of raised hands or colored cards reduces the honesty of student responses.

Clicker questions are a great way to encourage discussion in the classroom, giving students a chance to learn from their peers. It also gives them an opportunity to share their ideas with the instructor, promoting a classroom culture that is more inclusive. Several instructors have noted that the use of clicker questions also results in more spontaneous questions from students. Once they are given this permission to speak, a more collaborative classroom culture can emerge.

We discuss methods of writing effective questions below. The most important feature is that the question ought to be on an important topic, and that it be something that students want and need to discuss with one another in order to understand it. We typically ask 2–5 questions in each 50-minute lecture. Using questions only a few times can result in student resentment (for having to buy the clickers for this minimal use) and reduce their overall impact.

There is some evidence that it is useful for students to vote individually before turning to their neighbors, in order to solidify their thinking before engaging in discussion. This also helps to send the message that students need to think about the questions for themselves, not just rely on other students. However, out of all the steps of peer instruction, this is most likely the one that could be removed in the interest of time.

The results of an individual vote can also indicate to an instructor whether peer discussion is necessary. A rule of thumb is that if 90% of the students answer correctly, discussion is probably not needed, whereas if 75% or fewer answer correctly, peer discussion is definitely needed. Be very careful about skipping the peer discussion portion, however, as this is the "meat" of this instructional method and what helps students learn. Even if the majority of students answer correctly, however, don't assume that they got the right answer for the right reason: A discussion of what makes the right answer the best choice is still important.

Regardless, we strongly recommend not showing the histogram of student responses after this initial vote, as this can sway the ensuing discussion. An exception is if the vote is a 50/50 split, as this can generate productive discussion.

Several studies show that students learn through discussion with their peers: They are better able to answer a similar question after peer discussion, and are able to put together the answer to a difficult question even if nobody in the group knew the answer to begin with. One key to creating rich student discussion is to use questions that students want to discuss. Another important consideration is how you "pre-sell" the idea of peer instruction to your students (see "Student Buy-In," below). Lastly, the way that you conduct the Whole Class Discussion (see below) can affect what students think their job is during the peer discussion. Instructors often find it helpful to circulate the room as students discuss the questions to model good Socratic questioning and to hear student reasoning. We typically allow a few minutes per question, or until the students seem to be done discussing.

Students then click in with their individual choice. Once again, we recommend NOT displaying the histogram of student responses yet. Rather, wait until the end of the Whole Class Discussion in order to maintain the suspense, and ensure that you hear student voices about all answer choices, not just the majority vote.

Just as research has shown that peer discussion is important for students to get the most benefit from a clicker question, it has also been demonstrated that it is crucial that the instructor weigh-in at the end of the process about why they favor the correct answer, and why. Before the instructor acts as the final arbiter, however, it is important to lead a whole-class discussion where students share their reasoning for different answer choices. One wording we find useful is, "Why might someone pick B? What is tempting about B, even if you didn't answer B?" This is less threatening, and also indicates that you are interested in the reasoning more than simply the right answer. This can also help the peer discussion be more effective—if students realize that you will ask them to share their reasoning, then they will focus on reasoning during their discussion with their neighbors.

For a detailed discussion of best practices in clicker questions, see the video "iClicker to Foster Active Learning and Community in the Classroom" and the Clicker Resource Guide (PDF).

One of the most common concerns is the time that it takes to run a clicker question with peer discussion. Instructors worry that this will reduce their ability to cover important content. It is true that some content coverage will be sacrificed, but students will be more engaged and learn more of what you do cover. Many instructors move some of the previously-covered material out of class (e.g., moving the derivation of a formula to homework), or pare down their course material to focus on the essential topics and ideas that students should learn.

Some instructors offer credit for answering clicker questions to encourage participation. We suggest offering mostly participation credit, with minimal or no credit for correctness. The reason for this is twofold: First, high-stakes grading discourages open discussion about the answer choices, making the clicker question into an assessment rather than a learning opportunity. Secondly, high-stakes grading does encourage cheating. We suggest you talk directly to students about cheating, and that using someone else's clicker is like taking an exam for another student. Discuss the consequences of cheating, and circulate the classroom to note whether students are using more than one clicker.

It can indeed take additional time to write your questions the first time around, and incorporate them with your lecture material. You can find help in some prepared questions (see "Writing Questions," below). But once you have your first set of drafted questions, the time investment in later semesters is much reduced.

Our clicker system, iClicker, was chosen because of its simplicity, to minimize technical difficulties. Still it's important to practice with the equipment before using it in class to minimize potential technical issues. You can also make it clear to students that such problems will not affect any grading or points for the clicker questions that you might be using. And if all else fails, pose the question and ask for a show of hands.